On industrial scale SODA ASH is prepared by Ammonia Solvay Process.

Raw Materials

1. Sodium Chloride
2. Lime Stone (CaCO3)
3. Ammonia

Details of the process

At first stage a saturated solution of sodium chloride is prepared which is also known "BRINE". 
Composition of solution of NaCl (brine) is 28% m/m.
Steps of preparation

Ammoniation of Brine

In this stage saturated brine is allowed to flow down an ammoniating tower. This tower is fitted with mushroom shaped baffles. These baffles control the flow of brine and ensure the proper mixing and saturation of ammonia.

Carbonation of ammoniated brine

In the second step, ammoniated brine is allowed to trickle down a carbonating tower known as solvay tower. This tower is also fitted with baffle plates. Here brine is mixed with carbon dioxide gas, produced by heating lime stone in a separate chamber called "kiln".
                                       CaCO3  → CaO + CO2

the baffle plates ensure the flow of solution and breaks up carbon dioxide into small bubbles to produce good conditions for reaction.

Chemistry of Solvay tower

CO2 reacts with ammonia to form ammonium carbonate.

2NH3 + CO2 + H2O →  (NH4)2CO3

Ammonium carbonate further reacts with CO2 to form ammonium bicarbonate.(NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O →  2NH4HCO3 (aq.)

Ammonium bicarbonate then react with NaCl to form sodium bicarbonate.
                           NH4HCO3 + NaCl  → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Due to exothermic nature of above reactions, solubility of NaHCO3 increases. To counter this effect , lower part of Solvay tower is cooled , ppt of NaHCO3 are separated by vacuum filtration and washed to remove ammonium salts.
Conversion of NaHCO3 to Na2 CO3

Dry sodium bicarbonate is heated in rotary furnace called "CALCINER" to give anhydrous sodium carbonate or soda ash. Carbon dioxide is recirculated to carbonation tower.
                            2NaHCO3 →  Na2 CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ammonia recovery process

When CaCO3 is heated, CaO is obtained along with CO2 . CaO is treated with water to form Ca(OH)2 .
                                    CaO + H2O  → Ca(OH)2
Quick lime is heated with NH4 Cl to form NH3 and calcium chloride (by product) . Ammonia is used again in this process.

                 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 →  CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2 O

this is the method for the production of SODA ASH 
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1. Decane
2. 2- Methylnonane
3. 3-Methylnonane
4. 4-Methylnonane
5. 5-Methylnonane
6. 3-Ethyloctane
7. 4-Ethyloctane
8. 2,2-Dimethyloctane
9. 2,3-Dimethyloctane
10. 2,4-Dimethyloctane
11. 2,5-Dimethyloctane
12. 2,6-Dimethyloctane
13. 2,7-Dimethyloctane
14. 3,3-Dimethyloctane
15. 3,4-Dimethyloctane
16. 3,5-Dimethyloctane
17. 3,6-Dimethyloctane
18. 4,4-Dimethyloctane
19. 4,5-Dimethyloctane
20. 4-n-Propylheptane
21. 4-Isopropylheptane
22. 2-Methyl-3-ethylheptane
23. 2-Methyl-4-ethylheptane
24. 2-Methyl-5-ethylheptane
25. 3-Methyl-3-ethylheptane
26. 3-Methyl-4-ethylheptane
27. 3-Methyl-5-ethylheptane
28. 4-Methyl-3-ethylheptane
29. 4-Methyl-4-ethylheptane
30. 2,2,3-Trimethylheptane
31. 2,2,4-Trimethylheptane
32. 2,2,5-Trimethylheptane
33. 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane
34. 2,3,3-Trimethylheptane
35. 2,3,4-Trimethylheptane
36. 2,3,5-Trimethylheptane
37. 2,3,6-Trimethylheptane
38. 2,4,4-Trimethylheptane
39. 2,4,5-Trimethylheptane
40. 2,4,6-Trimethylheptane
41. 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane
42. 3,3,4-Trimethylheptane
43. 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane
44. 3,4,4-Trimethylheptane
45. 3,4,5-Trimethylheptane
46. 2-Methyl-3-isopropylhexane
47. 3,3-Diethylhexane
48. 3,4-Diethylhexane
49. 2,2-Dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
50. 2,2-Dimethyl-4-ethylhexane
51. 2,3-Dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
52. 2,3-Dimethyl-4-ethylhexane
53. 2,4-Dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
54. 2,4-Dimethyl-4-ethylhexane
55. 2,5-Dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
56. 3,3-Dimethyl-4-ethylhexane
57. 3,4-Dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
58. 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane
59. 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylhexane
60. 2,2,3,5-Tetramethylhexane
61. 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylhexane
62. 2,2,4,5-Tetramethylhexane
63. 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane
64. 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylhexane
65. 2,3,3,5-Tetramethylhexane
66. 2,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane
67. 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylhexane
68. 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane
69. 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane
70. 2-Methyl-3,3-diethylpentane
71. 2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-ethylpentane
72. 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-ethylpentane
73. 2,3,4-Trimethyl-3-ethylpentane
74. 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane
75. 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane

INFLATION

Inflation refers to a continuous, general increase in the price of goods and services. Rise in prices is called inflation. Inflation at very fast rate is Hyper-Inflation, medium is Strato-Inflation and low lever is Creeping inflation. During the recent years the rise has abnormal and it has endangered the stability of our economy nationally and individually. In Pakistan inflation has become an

unending disease to our economy. Once a state is caught in the circle of inflation then it will be difficult for that state to get rid of it.

There are various factors that contribute to the rise in prices. Some are natural factors like unfavorable weather conditions which affect the food production and lead to the shortage of commodities in the market. With more money chasing fewer goods, the prices take to the wings. Besides this natural problem there are man-made problems like hoarding which contribute to the rapid increase in prices. The trading community which senses a shorting of certain commodities, especially the essential commodities, they resort to large scale hoarding. They release the hoarding products after increase in the prices and make a neat margin over

their investment in the hoarded products. They get so much profit but it waters inflation.

The rise of prices in Pakistan can also be attribute to the despicable acts of traders. Their only motive is to get maximum profit and so they try to charge lots of money from the customers as much as possible. This has created a class of people who are becoming richer day by day and the other class is becoming poorer. Hoarding is also playing a bad role in escalation of prices in the commodities

One of the most important reasons for inflation is the deficit budgeting. In order to cover the gap Pakistan has been printing more paper currency because foreign aid and taxes can not cover up the deficit. Therefore there will be greater circulation of paper money. There will be hike in prices of domestic used products as the purchasing power of the people has increased. Wrong taxation policy has also been responsible for the rise in prices. The hike in taxes results in greater desire to avoid taxes. Thus public takes wrong way of not paying taxes and there will be escalation in prices.

Pakistan’s government has been making a great effort to check this inflation. The rate of interests has been increased in order to encourage savings and withdraw of currency. The government is making efforts to increase industrial outputs so that the level of consumption is leveled with that of output. But unfortunately the government has not met

with success in getting rid of inflation.

The rise in prices goes non-stopped, some suggest that there should be demonetization of currency, but the government

thinks that it is an irregular method and will create doubts in the minds of the public about the stability of the government. The rise in the prices of petrol has affected the prices in our country. Pakistan is not producing more than 20% of its total requirement of oil. So we have to import a huge amount of oil every year. Moreover no step has been taken against the traders who are

mainly responsible for unreasonable rise in the prices.

BY QASIM PANJWANI.

Since the atoms of alkaline earth metals are smaller in size and have one  valance electron more than the alkali metals of group IA,therefore they are more closely packed and less tightly held. Hence the inner atomic attraction in the alkaline earth metals is greater and they are harder than alkali metals.

As we go down the group the atomic size increases and the atoms are packed less and closely and held less and less tightly.Thus the atomic attraction decreases and hardness decreases.